naturestee
Well-Known Member
Also see:
Infections
Pasteurella
Runny Eyes
What is it?
From Dana Krempels, Ph.D.
http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/sneezing.html
Rabbits can suffer from infections of the upper respiratory tract (the sinuses and other parts of the tract that are not actually parts of the lungs), and this is usually manifested as runny nose, runny eyes and sneezing. Unlike a human cold, which is caused by a virus, rabbit upper respiratory infections are caused by bacteria. The condition is commonly called "snuffles."
"Snuffles" is is a non-specific, "catch-all" term used to describe such symptoms without naming the specific cause.. Until fairly recently, many veterinarians believed that "snuffles" was almost always caused by the bacterial pathogen Pasteurella multocida, commonly found in rabbits (though often without causing any problematic symptoms at all). More recent information suggests that many different species of bacteria can cause "snuffles." Some of the bacteria most commonly cultured from rabbit nasal discharge include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Staphylococcus aureus, though there are many others.
Because bacterial species (and their different strains) have characteristic sensitivity and resistance to various antibiotics, it is worth your investment to allow your veterinarian to positively identify the pathogen (i.e., disease-causing agent) your bunny has. The best way is via a CULTURE AND SENSITIVITY test. This laboratory test is the only way to determine (1) the species of bacteria causing the infection and (2) which rabbit-safe antibiotics will be most effective at killing them.
Articles
Listings in Rabbit References: Respiratory Problems
http://homepage.mac.com/mattocks/morfz/rabrefs.html#resp
Listings in Rabbit References: Bacteria
http://homepage.mac.com/mattocks/morfz/rabrefs.html#bacteria
Culture and Sensitivity Testing For Bacterial Infections
http://www.ontariorabbits.org/health/healthinfo11.html
Upper Respiratory Tract Disease in Rabbits
http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Respiratory/Bacterial/URI.pdf
Differential Diagnosis for Respiratory Failure
http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Respiratory/Differential/respira_diff.htm
Ammonia Intoxication in Rabbits
http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Respiratory/Toxic/ammonia_intox.pdf
Dyspnoea (Labored Breathing) in Rabbits
http://www.vetsforum.co.uk/article_dyspnoea_rabbit.htm
"Snuffles" in Rabbits
http://www.provet.co.uk/Petfacts/healthtips/snuffles.htm
Snuffles- the Facts
http://www.vetsforum.co.uk/lapis_snuffles.htm
Respiratory Disease
http://www.isabellevets.co.uk/health_advice/rabbit/info/resprabbit.htm
Nebulizing Rabbits
http://homepage.mac.com/mattocks/morfz/nebulization.html
Nebulizing Bunnies
http://www.ontariorabbits.org/health/healthinfo14.html
Second Hand Smoke and Pets
http://www.thelinksroadanimalclinic.com/index.php?view=pageView&docid=100049347
RO Threads
Not Again!!!)=
http://rabbitsonline.net/view_topic.php?id=9426&forum_id=1
Pasteurella
http://rabbitsonline.net/view_topic.php?id=376&forum_id=1&highlight=snuffles
Pseudo-snuffles!
http://rabbitsonline.net/view_topic.php?id=1008&forum_id=1&highlight=snuffles
Poor Nibbles!
http://rabbitsonline.net/view_topic.php?id=10555&forum_id=1&highlight=snuffles
He's Sneezing?
http://rabbitsonline.net/view_topic.php?id=608&forum_id=1&highlight=snuffles
Infections
Pasteurella
Runny Eyes
What is it?
From Dana Krempels, Ph.D.
http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/sneezing.html
Rabbits can suffer from infections of the upper respiratory tract (the sinuses and other parts of the tract that are not actually parts of the lungs), and this is usually manifested as runny nose, runny eyes and sneezing. Unlike a human cold, which is caused by a virus, rabbit upper respiratory infections are caused by bacteria. The condition is commonly called "snuffles."
"Snuffles" is is a non-specific, "catch-all" term used to describe such symptoms without naming the specific cause.. Until fairly recently, many veterinarians believed that "snuffles" was almost always caused by the bacterial pathogen Pasteurella multocida, commonly found in rabbits (though often without causing any problematic symptoms at all). More recent information suggests that many different species of bacteria can cause "snuffles." Some of the bacteria most commonly cultured from rabbit nasal discharge include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Staphylococcus aureus, though there are many others.
Because bacterial species (and their different strains) have characteristic sensitivity and resistance to various antibiotics, it is worth your investment to allow your veterinarian to positively identify the pathogen (i.e., disease-causing agent) your bunny has. The best way is via a CULTURE AND SENSITIVITY test. This laboratory test is the only way to determine (1) the species of bacteria causing the infection and (2) which rabbit-safe antibiotics will be most effective at killing them.
Articles
Listings in Rabbit References: Respiratory Problems
http://homepage.mac.com/mattocks/morfz/rabrefs.html#resp
Listings in Rabbit References: Bacteria
http://homepage.mac.com/mattocks/morfz/rabrefs.html#bacteria
Culture and Sensitivity Testing For Bacterial Infections
http://www.ontariorabbits.org/health/healthinfo11.html
Upper Respiratory Tract Disease in Rabbits
http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Respiratory/Bacterial/URI.pdf
Differential Diagnosis for Respiratory Failure
http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Respiratory/Differential/respira_diff.htm
Ammonia Intoxication in Rabbits
http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Respiratory/Toxic/ammonia_intox.pdf
Dyspnoea (Labored Breathing) in Rabbits
http://www.vetsforum.co.uk/article_dyspnoea_rabbit.htm
"Snuffles" in Rabbits
http://www.provet.co.uk/Petfacts/healthtips/snuffles.htm
Snuffles- the Facts
http://www.vetsforum.co.uk/lapis_snuffles.htm
Respiratory Disease
http://www.isabellevets.co.uk/health_advice/rabbit/info/resprabbit.htm
Nebulizing Rabbits
http://homepage.mac.com/mattocks/morfz/nebulization.html
Nebulizing Bunnies
http://www.ontariorabbits.org/health/healthinfo14.html
Second Hand Smoke and Pets
http://www.thelinksroadanimalclinic.com/index.php?view=pageView&docid=100049347
RO Threads
Not Again!!!)=
http://rabbitsonline.net/view_topic.php?id=9426&forum_id=1
Pasteurella
http://rabbitsonline.net/view_topic.php?id=376&forum_id=1&highlight=snuffles
Pseudo-snuffles!
http://rabbitsonline.net/view_topic.php?id=1008&forum_id=1&highlight=snuffles
Poor Nibbles!
http://rabbitsonline.net/view_topic.php?id=10555&forum_id=1&highlight=snuffles
He's Sneezing?
http://rabbitsonline.net/view_topic.php?id=608&forum_id=1&highlight=snuffles